Smokers could one day be immunised against nicotine so they gain no pleasure from the habit, according to researchers in the US.

<p id="story_continues_1">They have devised a vaccine that floods the body with an antibody to assault nicotine entering the body.</p><p>A study in mice, published in Science Translational Medicine, showed levels of the chemical in the brain were reduced by 85% after vaccination.</p><p>Years of research are still needed before it could be tested on people.</p><p>However, lead researcher Prof Ronald Crystal is convinced there will be benefits.</p><p>"As far as we can see, the best way to treat chronic nicotine addiction from smoking is to have these Pacman-like antibodies on patrol, clearing the blood as needed before nicotine can have any biological effect."</p><p>New approach</p><p>Other "smoking vaccines" have been developed that train the immune system to produce antibodies that bind to nicotine - it is the same method used to vaccinate against diseases. The challenge has been to produce enough antibodies to stop the drug entering the brain and delivering its pleasurable hit.</p><p>Scientists at Weill Cornell Medical College have used a completely different approach, a gene-therapy vaccine, which they say is more promising.</p><div>Continue reading the main story<h2>“Start Quote</h2><blockquote><p>If they start smoking again, they will receive no pleasure from it due to the nicotine vaccine, and that can help them kick the habit”</p></blockquote>Prof Ronald CrystalWeill Cornell Medical College</div><p id="story_continues_2">A genetically modified virus containing the instructions for making nicotine antibodies is used to infect the liver. This turns the organ into a factory producing the antibodies.</p><p>The research team compared the amount of nicotine in the brains of normal mice with those that had been immunised. After being injected with nicotine, the vaccinated mice had nicotine levels 85% lower.</p><p>It is not known if this could be repeated in humans or if this level of reduction would be enough to help people quit.</p><p>Prof Crystal said that if such a vaccine could be developed then people "will know if they start smoking again, they will receive no pleasure from it due to the nicotine vaccine, and that can help them kick the habit".</p><p>He added: "We are very hopeful that this kind of vaccine strategy can finally help the millions of smokers who have tried to stop, exhausting all the methods on the market today, but find their nicotine addiction to be strong enough to overcome these current approaches."</p><p>'Impressive and intriguing'</p><p>There are also issues around the safety of gene therapy in humans that will need to be answered.</p><p>Professor of genetics at the University of Kent, Darren Griffin, said the findings were "impressive and intriguing with great potential" but cautioned there were still many issues which needed addressing.</p><p>He said the main issue "is whether the observed biochemical effects in lab mice genuinely translate to a reduced addiction in humans given that such addictions can be both physical and psychological".</p><p>Dr Simon Waddington, from University College London, said: "The technology underpinning gene therapy is improving all the time and it is encouraging to see these preliminary results that indicate it could be used to address nicotine addiction, which is damaging to the nation's health and a drain on the health service economy."</p><p>If such a vaccine was developed it could also raise ethical questions about vaccinating people, possibly in childhood, before they even started smoking.</p>

Smokers could one day be immunised against nicotine so they gain no pleasure from the habit, according to researchers in the US.

They have devised a vaccine that floods the body with an antibody to assault nicotine entering the body. A study in mice, published in Scien...

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Coke and Pepsi contain tiny traces of alcohol, reveals French research

<p>Coca-Cola and Pepsi contain minute traces of alcohol, scientific research published in France has revealed. The revelation will cause concern among those who chose the carbonated soft drink for religious, health or safety reasons. According to tests carried out by the Paris-based National Institute of Consumption (INC) more than half of leading colas contain the traces of alcohol. Can't beat the real thing: The revelation will cause concern among those who chose the carbonated soft drink for religious, health or safety reasons These include the brand leaders Coca-Cola and Pepsi Cola, while it is mainly only cheap supermarket versions of the drink which are alcohol-free. ‘60 Million Consumers’, the French magazine, publishes the results of the tests in its latest issue. They suggest that the alcohol levels are as low as 10mg in every litre, and this works out at around 0.001 per cent alcohol.</p>

Coke and Pepsi contain tiny traces of alcohol, reveals French research

Coca-Cola and Pepsi contain minute traces of alcohol, scientific research published in France has revealed. The revelation will cause conce...

Read more »